Pedro Henrique D. Batista

Beiträge in Sammelwerken, Kommentierungen, Handbüchern und Lexika

The Protection of Genetic Resources: Potential for Regional Cooperation, in: Kreation Innovation Märkte - Creation Innovation Markets - Festschrift Reto M. Hilty, Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2024, 603 - 617. DOI

• Over the past years, two passions have guided the academic efforts of the distinguished Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Reto M. Hilty as Director of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition: the unfolding of the economic and innovative potential of Latin America and the solution of grand challenges to humanity. Few topics fit so well into the intersection of these endeavors as the protection of genetic resources. The unique biodiversity of Latin American countries not only needs to be protected in order for environmental goals to be achieved, but it also provides them with great potential for innovation and use of technologies. The realization of this untapped potential, however, requires appropriate regulations. By assigning countries sovereign rights over genetic resources and supporting the sharing of the benefits that arise from their use, the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Nagoya Protocol have opened an important gateway to this. Nevertheless, its objectives have not been achieved in the last decades. This article presents some of the main factors determining the failure of these international instruments and analyzes regulatory alternatives at the regional and plurilateral levels that countries interested in obtaining a fair and equitable benefit sharing for the use of their resources may adopt.

Traditional Knowledge, Databases and Prior Art: Options for an Effective Defensive Use of TK against undue Patent Granting, in: Irini Stamatoudi (Hg.), Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and Cultural Heritage (Research Handbooks in Intellectual Property), Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, MA, USA; Cheltenham, UK 2022, 132 - 153 (gemeinsam mit Reto M. Hilty, Suelen Carls).

Cultural Heritage and Patent Law – Alternatives for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Resources, in: Irini Stamatoudi (Hg.), Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and Cultural Heritage (Research Handbooks in Intellectual Property), Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, MA, USA; Cheltenham, UK 2022, 73 - 93.

La Propiedad Intelectual en Latinoamérica y su Rol en el Desarrollo Económico y Social [Intellectual Property in Latin America and its Role in Economic and Social Development], in: Marcos Wachowicz, Karin Grau-Kuntz (Hg.), Estudos de Propriedade Intelectual em Homenagem ao Prof. Dr. Denis Borges Barbosa [Studies on Intellectual Property in Honor of Prof. Dr. Denis Borges Barbosa], IODA - Instituto Observatório do Direito Autoral, Curitiba 2021, 25 - 64 (gemeinsam mit Reto M. Hilty et al.).

• O texto trata do estabelecimento e evolução dos direitos da propriedade in-telectual na América Latina. Perpassa os contextos nos quais esses direitos foram incorporados ao arcabouço legal doméstico. Ainda que as economias latino-americanas sejam mais ou menos frágeis do ponto de vista da pro-priedade intelectual, as conclusões apontam que há diversos desafios a se-rem enfrentados, mas que os países da região têm potencial para superá-los e avançar na proteção e na utilização dos seus ativos intelectuais.
• This article deals with the establishment and evolution of intellectual property rights in Latin America. It goes through the contexts in which these rights have been in-corporated into the domestic legal framework. Although Latin American economies are more or less fragile from the point of view of intellectual property, the conclusions indicate that there are several challenges to be faced, but that the countries of the region have the potential to overcome them and advance in the protection and use of their intellectual assets.
• https://codaip.gedai.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1_Estudos-de-Propriedade-Intelectual-em-homenagem-ao-Prof_Dr_Denis-Borges-Barbosa.pdf

Section 18.5 - Antibiotics, in: Roberto Romandini, Reto M. Hilty, Annette Kur (Hg.), Study on the Legal Aspects of Supplementary Protection Certificates in the EU - Final Report, European Commission, Brussels 2018, 435 - 447 (gemeinsam mit Roberto Romandini).

Section 18.3 - Personalised medicines and companion diagnostics, in: Roberto Romandini, Reto M. Hilty, Annette Kur (Hg.), Study on the Legal Aspects of Supplementary Protection Certificates in the EU - Final Report, European Commission, Brussels 2018, 420 - 426.

Chapter 18 - Specific issues in health technology, in: Roberto Romandini, Reto M. Hilty, Annette Kur (Hg.), Study on the Legal Aspects of Supplementary Protection Certificates in the EU - Final Report, European Commission, Brussels 2018, 399 - 470 (gemeinsam mit Roberto Romandini et al.).

Kapitel 1 - Grundlagen, Aufbau und Methodik, in: Reto M. Hilty, Thomas Jaeger (Hg.), Europäisches Immaterialgüterrecht - Funktionen und Perspektiven [European Intellectual Property Law - Functions and Perspectives] (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 26), Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2018, 1 - 58 (gemeinsam mit Sophie Luise Bings et al.). DOI

Kapitel 3.3 - Spezifische Fehlstellungen mit Bezug auf den Binnenmarkt, in: Reto M. Hilty, Thomas Jaeger (Hg.), Europäisches Immaterialgüterrecht - Funktionen und Perspektiven (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 26), Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2018, 451 - 663 (gemeinsam mit Seyavash Amini et al.). DOI

Kapitel 3.2 - Fehlstellungen mit Bezug auf Schutzdefizite und Überschutz im materiellen Recht, in: Reto M. Hilty, Thomas Jaeger (Hg.), Europäisches Immaterialgüterrecht - Funktionen und Perspektiven (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 26), Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2018, 287 - 450 (gemeinsam mit Arpi Abovyan et al.). DOI

Kapitel 3.1 - Fehlstellungen mit Bezug auf die Voraussetzungen, die Reichweite und die Begrenzungen einzelner Schutzrechte, in: Reto M. Hilty, Thomas Jaeger (Hg.), Europäisches Immaterialgüterrecht - Funktionen und Perspektiven (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 26), Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2018, 146 - 286 (gemeinsam mit Reto M. Hilty et al.). DOI

Aufsätze

A propriedade intelectual pode ser indutora da igualdade social? [Can Intellectual Property Promote Social Equality?], Monitor mercantil 2023.

• https://monitormercantil.com.br/a-propriedade-intelectual-pode-ser-indutora-da-igualdade-social/#:~:text=Ela%20pode%20levar%20a%20uma,a%20redu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20desigualdade%20social

Revisiting the Framework for Compulsory Licensing of Patents in the European Union – Reflections on the European Commission’s Initiative, GRUR Int 72, 5 (2023), 471 - 482 (gemeinsam mit Matthias Lamping et al.). DOI

• Within the scope of its initiative on ‘Compulsory Licensing in the EU’,8 the European Commission launched a call for evidence on 1 April 2022 and a public consultation on 7 July 2022 with the aim of gathering views from stakeholders. The objective of this initiative is to explore the possibility of revising the framework for compulsory licensing in the EU to make it more ‘adequately prepared and coordinated to tackle future crises’.9 The authors of this position paper welcome the Commission’s attempt to reinvigorate the public discourse on this important subject.
  
  Depending on the issue to be addressed and the extent of the Commission’s willingness to reform, different regulatory approaches are conceivable. Subject to compatibility with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality, these include:
  
  Rather than making concrete recommendations on the regulatory approach, this paper addresses selected aspects by way of a preliminary, non-exhaustive note on: the proposed reform’s scope and the grounds for a compulsory licence; the requirements of prior negotiation and licensing failure; government use; procedural matters; compulsory licences for patent applications and products; the relation with other regulations and sui generis regimes (i.e. trade secret protection, regulatory data protection and supplementary protection certificates); the concept of adequate remuneration; compulsory licences for European patents with unitary effect; and the exhaustion of products placed on the market under a compulsory licence.
  
  – soft law measures, such as guidelines and recommendations;
  
  – harmonisation of national laws (substantive and/or procedural);10
  
  – judicial cooperation (i.e. mutual recognition of judgments and of decisions in extrajudicial cases);11
  
  – centralisation of granting and/or judicial review competences;
  
  – creation of a supranational compulsory licence;
  
  – or any combination thereof.

Potential and Limits of Patent Law to Address Climate Change, GRUR Int 72, 9 (2023), 821 - 839 (gemeinsam mit Reto M. Hilty). DOI

• The challenges imposed by climate change urgently require new technologies to reduce environmental damage and make more efficient use of natural resources. Patent law is generally considered an important tool to promote innovation. The question therefore arises as to its role with regard to sustainable inventions, in particular whether there is a need for adjustments to increase its efficiency, but also concerning the interaction with other regulatory measures. This article offers a critical overview of the range of options for state intervention and distinguishes different types of market failure that need to be prevented in different ways.

A Implementação do Art. 17 da Diretiva DSM na Alemanha - Visão geral e Questões Controversas na Regulação das Plataformas Digitais (The Implementation of Art. 17 DSM in Germany – Overview and Controversial Questions in the Regulation of Digital Platforms), Revista Rede de Direito Digital, Intelectual & Sociedade 1, 1 (2021), 149 - 207.

No Need of Evidence for Moral Damages Compensation after a Trade Mark Infringement, GRUR Int 70, 8 (2021), 764 - 769. DOI

Social, Cultural and Economic Aspects of Antimicrobial Resistance, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 98, 12 (2020), 823 - 823A (gemeinsam mit Timo Minssen et al.). DOI

IP-Based Incentives Against Antimicrobial Crisis: A European Perspective, IIC 50, 1 (2019), 30 - 76 (gemeinsam mit Dennis Byrski et al.). DOI

• The field of antimicrobials is considered to be facing a crisis. Increasing
  microbial resistance is creating a demand for new drugs, which however is not being
  matched by privately funded R&D. The reasons for this market failure are of a
  technical and economic nature. The present article analyzes what changes to IP-
  based incentives are conceivable in the European Union (EU) in order to address the
  antimicrobial crisis. Since the assessment of the suitability of the analyzed options
  depends on interdisciplinary research, this article also proposes a research agenda to
  be considered for the implementation of public policies in this field.

Champagne, Sorbets and Geographical Indications – Critical Appraisal of the CJEU Decision Champagner Sorbet (EUGH Aktenzeichen C-393/16), GRUR Int 67, 6 (2018), 550 - 555 (gemeinsam mit Luc Desaunettes).

A Comunicação ao Público da Obra no Direito Autoral –Novos Fundamentos Vindos de Portugal? [The Communication to the Public of Copyright Protected Works – New Foundations from Portugal?], Revista Eletrônica do IBPI - ReVeL 10 (2014), 42 - 83.

Zur Patentierung menschlicher embryonaler Stammzellen – kritische Würdigung der Entscheidung des EuGH im Fall Brüstle [Patentability of Human Embryonic Stem Cells – Critical Appraisal oft he CJEU Decision in the Brüstle Case], GRUR Int 62, 6 (2013), 514 - 524.

Gaining Consensus on Comparative Advertising in Brazil, World Trademark Review 37 (2012), 70 - 73 (gemeinsam mit João Vieira da Cunha, Fernando Eid Philipp).

Entscheidungsanmerkungen

Copyright Protection of Graffiti Art in Brazil: The Limitation of a Copyright Limitation?, IIC 52, 7 (2021), 977 - 982. DOI

Comment on "Huawei Technologies" (C-170/13): Standard Essential Patents and Competition Law – How Far Does the CJEU Decision Go?, Court of Justice of the European Union, 15.07.2015 - C-170/13, IIC 47, 2 (2016), 244 - 253 (gemeinsam mit Gustavo Cesar Mazutti). DOI

• Legal case: Court of Justice of the European Union, 2015-07-15

Forschungspapiere

The WIPO IGC Chair's Draft on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources – Reasons for Concern (Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper, No. 23-20), 2023, 15 S.

• The requirement to disclose certain information in a patent application in order to promote compliance with national rules on access and benefit sharing related to genetic resources has been a very controversial topic. After decades of disagreements, an international instrument in this area is expected to be concluded during a WIPO Diplomatic Conference to be held in 2024. The basis for the final steps in the negotiation is the Chair’s draft prepared by the Secretariat of the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee. The question is, however, whether this draft has the potential to achieve the desired goals. This article undertakes a critical analysis of the draft in view of its adequacy for an effective protection of genetic resources and suitability for strategic policies on access and benefit sharing. It also explores alternative regulatory options for specific issues
• Available at SSRN

The Protection of Genetic Resources – Potential for Regional Cooperation (Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper, No. 23-19), 2023, 19 S.

• Over the past years, two passions have guided the academic efforts of the distinguished Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Reto M. Hilty as Director of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition: the unfolding of the economic and innovative potential of Latin America and the solution of grand challenges to humanity. Few topics fit so well into the intersection of these endeavors as the protection of genetic resources. The unique biodiversity of Latin American countries not only needs to be protected in order for environmental goals to be achieved, but it also provides them with great potential for innovation and use of technologies. The realization of this untapped potential, however, requires appropriate regulations. By assigning countries sovereign rights over genetic resources and supporting the sharing of the benefits that arise from their use, the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Nagoya Protocol have opened an important gateway to this. Nevertheless, its objectives have not been achieved in the last decades. This article presents some of the main factors determining the failure of these international instruments and analyzes regulatory alternatives at the regional and plurilateral levels that countries interested in obtaining a fair and equitable benefit sharing for the use of their resources may adopt.
• Available at SSRN

New Genomic Techniques and Intellectual Property Law: Challenges and Solutions for the Plant Breeding Sector (Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper, No. 23-16), 2023, 40 S. (gemeinsam mit Daria Kim et al.).

• On 5 July 2023, the European Commission issued a proposal for the regulation that intends to relax the requirements for marketing authorisation of plants obtained by certain new genomic techniques (NGTs) in the EU. While NGTs are expected to become more appealing to breeders and farmers, the complexity of the intellectual property (IP) landscape surrounding such techniques and resulting products can have a discouraging effect on innovation. In view of numerous concerns related to IP protection for NGTs and NGT-derived plants, the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition has published a Position Statement with a set of policy recommendations that can facilitate access to and utilisation of IP-protected NGTs in the breeding sector.
• Available at SSRN

Aplicación de la Decisión Ministerial de la OMC sobre Patentes Relacionadas a Vacunas contra el COVID-19 (Application of the Ministerial Decision of the WHO on Patents Related to COVID-19 Vaccines), Policy Paper, 2022, 11 S. (gemeinsam mit Juan I. Correa).

• https://sipla.ip.mpg.de/fileadmin/Files/Publications/Aplicacion_de_la_Decision_Ministerial.pdf

Distinctive Signs for Collective Use in Latin America: Development Promotion by Valuing Origin and Quality (Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper, 22-15), 2022, 131 S. (gemeinsam mit Roxana Carmen Blasetti, Suelen Carls). DOI

• Origin-based production, including manufacturing, handicraft, and especially food production in Latin American countries, is essential to their economies. Quality differentiation systems such as geographical indications, designations of origin, collective and certification marks, and quality labels, among others, can play a dual role in the economic and social development of the region and in adding value to their products with the consequent impact on trade. However, those systems are quite particular to each country due to multiple realities. Therefore, it is challenging to promote integration, harmonisation, and /or cooperation within the region. Therefore, this paper aims to offer a comprehensive legal comparative understanding of how those systems work in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay to back up further research, law, and policy-making on this field. The outcome indicates potential ways forward, targeting especially (a) the potential of a regional system of mutual recognition of the protection granted at the national level and (b) the improvement of the system at the domestic level, according to each country's reality and producer's needs.
• Spanish version published as Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Discussion Paper No. 21

Signos Distintivos Colectivos en Latinoamérica: Fomento del Desarrollo Valorando Origen y Calidad (Distinctive Signs for Collective Use in Latin America: Development Promotion by Valuing Origin and Quality) (Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Discussion Paper, No. 21), 2022, 144 S. (gemeinsam mit Roxana Carmen Blasetti, Suelen Carls). DOI

• La producción desarrollada localmente, incluyendo la manufactura, la artesanía y especialmente la producción de alimentos en los países latinoamericanos, es esencial para sus economías. Los sistemas de diferenciación de la calidad, como las indicaciones geográficas, las denominaciones de origen, las marcas colectivas y de certificación, y los sellos de calidad, entre otros, pueden desempeñar un doble papel, tanto para el desarrollo económico y social de la región como para añadir valor a sus productos con el consiguiente impacto en el comercio. Sin embargo, estos sistemas tienen particularidades en cada país debido a las múltiples realidades existentes. Es por ello que constituye un desafío promover a integración, la armonización y/o la cooperación al interior de la región. Es en este sentido que el presente documento ofrece un estudio comparado de las reglas jurídicas vigentes y de cómo funcionan estos sistemas en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, México, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay para respaldar la investigación y la elaboración de leyes y políticas públicas en la materia. El resultado indica las posibles vías de avance, centrándose especialmente (a) en el potencial de un sistema regional de reconocimiento mutuo de la protección dada a nivel nacional (b) en la mejora del sistema a nivel nacional, según la realidad de cada país y las necesidades de los productores.
• Origin-based production, including manufacturing, handicraft, and especially food production in Latin American countries, is essential to their economies. Quality differentiation systems such as geographical indications, designations of origin, collective and certification marks, and quality labels, among others, can play a dual role in the economic and social development of the region and in adding value to their products with the consequent impact on trade. However, those systems are quite particular to each country due to multiple realities. Therefore, it is challenging to promote integration, harmonisation, and /or cooperation within the region. Therefore, this paper aims to offer a comprehensive legal comparative understanding of how those systems work in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay to back up further research, law, and policy-making on this field. The outcome indicates potential ways forward, targeting especially (a) the potential of a regional system of mutual recognition of the protection granted at the national level and (b) the improvement of the system at the domestic level, according to each country's reality and producer's needs.
• Also published in: Smart IP Initiative
• English version published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper 22-15

Stellungnahmen

Revisiting the Framework for Compulsory Licensing of Patents in the European Union, 2023, 27 S. (gemeinsam mit Matthias Lamping et al.).

• Within the scope of its initiative on “Compulsory Licensing in the EU”, the European Commission launched a call for evidence on 1 April 2022 and a public consultation on 7 July 2022 with the aim of gathering views from stakeholders. The objective of this initiative is to explore the possibility of revising the framework for compulsory licensing in the EU to make it more “adequately prepared and coordinated to tackle future crises”. The authors of this position paper welcome the Commission’s attempt to reinvigorate the public discourse on this important subject. This paper addresses selected aspects by way of a preliminary, non-exhaustive note on: the proposed reform’s scope and the grounds for a compulsory licence; the requirements of prior negotiation and licensing failure; government use; procedural matters; compulsory licences for patent applications and products; the relation with other regulations and sui generis regimes (i.e. trade secret protection, regulatory data protection, and supplementary protection certificates); the concept of adequate remuneration; compulsory licences for European patents with unitary effect; and the exhaustion of products placed on the market under a compulsory licence.
• Opinion published as Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 23-07

Position Statement of 5 July 2022 on the Decision of the WTO Ministerial Conference on the TRIPS Agreement adopted on 17 June 2022, 2022, 8 S. (gemeinsam mit Reto M. Hilty et al.).

• On 17 June 2022, after nearly one and a half years of intense debate concerning the proposal to waive IP protection in view of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization adopted a decision on the TRIPS Agreement. It has not waived any intellectual property rights as such but instead mainly clarified the application of the existing TRIPS flexibilities, in particular, regarding compulsory licensing of patents. The Position Statement shows that the Ministerial Decision makes no substantive difference in the existing international legal framework, except for lifting the limitation on the exportation of vaccines manufactured in accordance with the Decision. To the extent that the Decision can make the application of TRIPS flexibilities more expedient, it is to be welcomed. At the same time, it is argued that such facilitating effect should not be limited to, or justified by, the exceptional circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic. More critically, it should not be restricted to COVID-19 vaccines, of which there is currently no shortage – rather, the same level of TRIPS flexibilities should apply to all medicinal products needed to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic.
• 2022-07-05__2._Position_Statement_Covid_IP_Waiver.pdf
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 22-14

Covid-19 and the Role of Intellectual Property - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 7 May 2021, 2021, 11 S. (gemeinsam mit Reto M. Hilty et al.).

• In this Statement, the authors take a position on the waiver of intellectual property (IP) protection currently being considered by the members of the World Trade Organisation. The waiver was initiated by India and South Africa as a measure to enable rapid access to affordable medical products that are necessary to combat Covid-19. The initiative gained momentum after the US decided to support it. The authors do not consider this path to be expedient. The Statement presents factual and legal arguments why a comprehensive waiver of IP protection is unlikely to be a necessary and suitable measure towards the pursued objective. Overall, it argues that IP rights may so far have played an enabling and facilitating rather than hindering role in overcoming Covid-19. The global community might not be better off if IP rights are waived, neither during nor after the pandemic. There are more efficient and direct ways to supply developing countries with vaccines quickly – if the industrialised countries are willing to do their share.
• 2021_05_25_Position_statement_Covid_IP_waiver.pdf
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 21-13

Andere Veröffentlichungen, Presseartikel, Interviews

Ampliação do prazo de vigência das patentes: razões para cautela [Extension of the Patent Terms: Reasons for Caution], LexLatin (online) 2022.

• https://br.lexlatin.com/opiniao/ampliacao-do-prazo-de-vigencia-das-patentes-razoes-para-cautela

La Propuesta Preliminar de Revisión de las Notas Explicativas de la UPOV sobre las Variedades Esencialmente Derivadas (The Preliminary Draft for the Revision of the UPOV Explanatory Notes on Essential Derived Varieties), Smart IP for Latin America – Buletín No. 5 (2021).

• https://sipla.ip.mpg.de/es/noticias/detalles/opinion-la-propuesta-preliminar-de-revision-de-las-notas-explicativas-de-la-upov-sobre-las-variedades-esencialmente-derivadas.html

Anmerkung zu: Amsterdam Court of Appeals: No Copyright for an Inarticulate Criminal, IPOsgoode 2013.

• https://www.yorku.ca/osgoode/iposgoode/2013/09/04/amsterdam-court-of-appeals-no-copyright-for-an-inarticulate-criminal/

Anmerkung zu: Patent Trolls or Patent Heroes: The Increasing Pressure on Patent Assertion Entities, IPOsgoode 2013.

• https://www.yorku.ca/osgoode/iposgoode/2013/08/07/patent-trolls-or-patent-heroes-the-increasing-pressure-on-patent-assertion-entities/

Anmerkung zu: XBox One: (Not) Attempting to Modernize through Monopolization, IPOsgoode 2013 18.07.2013.

Anmerkung zu: Isolated Genes Are None Of Your Business! – SCOTUS Decides Myriad, IPOsgoode 2013.

• https://www.yorku.ca/osgoode/iposgoode/2013/06/25/isolated-genes-are-none-of-your-business-scotus-decides-myriad/

Anmerkung zu: Beyond Knowledge and Consciousness – The Development of Liability for Misuse of Trade Secrets in the UK, IPOsgoode 2013.

• https://www.yorku.ca/osgoode/iposgoode/2013/06/11/beyond-knowledge-and-consciousness-the-development-of-liability-for-misuse-of-trade-secrets-in-the-uk/

Anmerkung zu: New Step for the Modernization of Copyright Law in the US – Progress or Regress?, IPOsgoode 2013.

• https://www.yorku.ca/osgoode/iposgoode/2013/05/16/new-step-for-the-modernization-of-copyright-law-in-the-us-progress-or-regress/